The Business Master (3rd Edition)

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_________________________ | | | Section 6: PARAGRAPHS | |_________________________| CONTENTS 6.1 Indentation and Paragraphs 6.2 Horizontal Tab Mode 6.3 Vertical Tab Mode 6.1 INDENTATION AND PARAGRAPHS The following tags are relevant to paragraphing: <QP> Quad Paragraph: End Current Line; justify it in accordance with the current scheme of justification, unless the current scheme is full justification (<XR>) in which case left-justify the line; move the printhead down one line. and and Paragraph, advance printhead down the page by the line leading plus the inter-paragraph leading. <APL> Advance Printhead by Inter-Paragraph Leading (Note: If this tag is used, it must appear on a line by itself, like a `directive'.) A "paragraph" is a sequence of one or more text lines terminated by a "Quad" tag and/or by a blank line. If a blank line is present, the Publisher will insert an implicit <APL> tag into it; and if the last line before the blank line does not end with a "Quad" tag, the Publisher will insert an implicit <QP> tag. The variables which control the appearance of paragraphs, within the confines of the defined column, are the left-indent, right-indent, and para-indent. The para-indent, used only on the first line of a paragraph, and the left-indent, used on all other lines, are measured from the left edge of the column. The right-indent, measured from the right edge of the column, applies to all lines. <ILd> Set Left-Indent = d <IRd> Set Right-Indent = d <IPd> Set Para-Indent = d <IBd> Set Left- and Right-Indent = d <ITL> Set Left-Indent to current print position <ITR> Set Right-Indent to current print position <IHd> Set Left-Indent=d, Para-Indent=0 - with d greater than 0, creates a "hanging paragraph", i.e. a paragraph with the first line extending farther to the left than the other lines. <IH> Set Left-Indent=0, Para-Indent=0 <IL> Set Left-Indent = 0 <IR> Set Right-Indent = 0 <IP> Set Para-Indent = 0 <IB> Set Left- and Right-Indent = 0 6.2 HORIZONTAL TAB MODE Horizontal Tab Mode is primarily used to display information in tabular form, that is, in a table having rows and columns. The layout of the table is defined by a series of tab stops. Each tab field is bordered on the left and right by a tab stop. A table with "n" tab fields requires ("n"+1) tab stops, unless the "nth" tab field is left justified. The purpose of the ("n"+1)th" tab stop is to provide the missing edge for the "nth" tab field. This edge is used for centering, right justification, or full justification of the "nth" tab field. The maximum number of tab fields is 30 or, equivalently, the maximum number of tab stops is 31. A "table style" (or "horizontal tab style") consists of a number of tab stops. Individual tab stops are input using the following syntax: <tab i= stop= justify= font=> The order of the parameters is not important. Justification and font parameters may be omitted. The syntax and usage of the parameters is: i= Tab number (an integer). The ordinal number of the tab stop, counting left to right. stop= Horizontal distance of the current tab stop, measured from the left edge of the column (a positive number). Any unit of measurement recognized by the Publisher can be used. justify= Default justification for the current tab field (from the current tab stop to the next ordinal tab stop). Parameter values are "qj", "ql", "qr", or "qc", representing quad justify, quad left, quad right, and quad center. See "Alignment and Justification" for explanations of these tags. The justification parameter is optional. If omitted, justification is determined by the current rag setting, or by an explicit quad tag terminating the input text for the tab field. Example: justify=ql. font= Default font for the current tab field. Any font tag can be used, specifying type family, point size, and stroke weight, e.g.<Times12m>. (See "Font Changes".) The font parameter is optional. If no font is specified, the contents of the tab field will appear in the same font as the text preceeding the first tab field of the table. <HS> - Enter Horizontal Tab Mode <HT> - End text field, print in current tab field, and advance to the next tab stop <HE> - Exit from Horizontal Tab Mode, and advance printhead vertically by interline leading <tab_line thick= > - Print a horizontal line of the specified thickness across the width of the table. If the parameter "thick" is omitted, that is, if you use the tag <tab_line>, the line will be printed in the "default thickness" specified in the setup file or style sheet by the tag <hrule thick= descent= > EXAMPLE: <tab i=1 stop=0.5in justify=ql><qz> <tab i=2 stop=2.5in justify=qr><qz> <tab i=3 stop=3.5in justify=qr><qz> <tab i=4 stop=4.5in justify=qr><qz> <tab i=5 stop=5.5in><qz> <tab_line><ql> <HS>Item<HT>1985<HT>1986<HT>1987<HE> <HS>Income<HT>$10,000<HT>$14,000<HT>$19,500<HE> <HS>Expenses<HT>8,000<HT>11,500<HT>16,000<HE> <HS>Total<HT>$2,000<HT>$2,500<HT>$3,500<HE> <tab_line><ql> will appear in print as follows: __________________________________________________ Item 1985 1986 1987 Income $10,000 $14,000 $19,500 Expenses 8,000 11,500 16,000 Total $2,000 $2,500 $3,500 __________________________________________________ IMPORTANT NOTE: Any left or right text indentation which is currently in effect when you enter tab mode, will be applied INSIDE the individual tab fields, not to the table as a whole. This is useful in complex table formats, but is not needed in ordinary tables, since you can simply set the tab stops wherever you want the text to be located: there is no requirement for indents. Unless you are implementing some unusual special effect, LEFT AND RIGHT TEXT INDENTS SHOULD BE SET TO ZERO when entering Horizontal Tab Mode. If the text preceding the table was indented on the left and/or right, the indent(s) can be cancelled by the tags <IL> and/or <IR>, or the single tag <IB>. If you wish the whole table to be indented, this can be done by choosing suitable values for the first and last tab stops. For example, if tab 1 is set at 0.75in, the left edge of the table will be indented three-quarters of an inch from the left edge of the column. 6.3 VERTICAL TAB MODE Vertical tab mode is used to control the vertical alignment of paragraphs of text located side-by-side in two or more sub-columns within the column measure of the page layout. Vertical tab mode is also used to set up tabular presentations in which the individual entries are paragraphs or blocks of text, rather than single words or numbers. Multilingual formats, consisting of two or more sub-columns containing translations of the same text into two or more languages, are another important application of vertical tab mode. Like horizontal tab mode, vertical tab mode operates within the confines of the current column measure: that is, the total width of the sub-column structure defined using vertical tab mode must not exceed the column measure of the page layout. A "Vertical Tab Style" (or "Vtab Style") is a series of vertical tab stops which create a corresponding number of sub-columns. These tab stops are defined by <tab> tags, with the following syntax: <tab i= stop= width= justify= font=> where i= Tab number stop= Horizontal distance from left edge of column to the tab stop width= Width of the tab field justify= Default justification for tab field (qj, ql, qr, qc). font= Default font for the tab field. If no font is specified, the text in the tab field will appear in the same font as the text preceding the start of vertical tab mode. EXAMPLE: <tab i=1 stop=0.125in width=2.25in justify=ql><QZ> <tab i=2 stop=2.875in width=2.75in justify=qr><QZ> Sets up a structure of two sub-columns, the left one 2.25" wide, the right one 2.75" wide, separated by a 1/4" gutter. The left sub-column is indented 1/8" from the left edge of the column; the left sub-column is left justified, and the right column is right justified. (Note that this structure requires a page layout with a Column Measure of at least 5.375".) The following Publisher tags are used to enter text into the defined sub-column structure: <VS> - Vertical Start: Enter vertical tab mode and establish a baseline. <VC> - Vertical Col: Move the printhead horizontally to the next tab stop and vertically to the baseline established by <VS>. <VE> - Vertical End: Exit from vertical tab mode. Move the printhead horizontally to the left edge of the column, and vertically to a new baseline that is lower than any baseline visited by the printhead, since the <VS> tag. Within a given sub-column of vertical tab mode, the Publisher automatically measures and lays out paragraphs, and obeys most tag commands that are available in normal column mode. These include font changes, leading, indentation, justification, and more. Vertical Tab source text for a two-subcolumn structure is set out in a series of paragraphs, in which the first, third, fifth (etc.) paragraphs are intended to appear in the left-hand subcolumn, and the second, fourth, sixth (etc.) paragraphs are intended to appear in the right-hand subcolumn. Paragraph one will be aligned beside paragraph two, paragraph three beside paragraph four, and so on. The series starts with a <VS> tag to initiate vertical tab mode; the two paragraphs in each side-by-side pair are separated from each other by a <VC> tag, and from the next pair by <VE> and <VS> tags. In the nursery rhyme example below, each line ends with a hard line break,i.e. a <QD> tag, since it is customary to print poetry in this form. Without these tags, the verses would appear as continuous paragraphs, with line breaks only where required by the sub-column widths, but they would still be in side-by-side alignment. The Vtab Style consists of two sub-columns of width 0.475 column-widths, separated by a gutter of .05 column-widths, i.e. one-twentieth of a column-width. The total width is exactly one column-width. (Note: The total width of a vtab style cannot be greater than one column-width, but may be less.) The dimensions of a vtab style can, of course, be specified in any unit of measurement accepted by the Publisher, but ther is an advantage to specifying them in column-widths (cl): if you later decide to change the page layout of the document, vtab style dimensions specified in column-widths will automatically expand or contract as necessary to match the new layout. The input text to produce the example is: <tab i=1 stop=0.000cl width=0.475cl justify=ql><QZ> <tab i=2 stop=0.525cl width=0.475cl justify=ql><QZ> SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE<QC> <QL> <VS> Sing a song of sixpence,<QD> A pocket full of rye;<QD> Four-and-twenty blackbirds<QD> Baked in a pie!<VC> The king was in his counting-house,<QD> Counting out his money;<QD> The queen was in her parlor,<QD> Eating bread and honey.<VE> <QL> <VS> When the pie was opened<QD> The birds began to sing<QD> Wasn't that a dainty dish<QD> To set before the king?<VC> The maid was in the garden,<QD> Hanging out the clothes;<QD> When down came a blackbird<QD> And snapped off her nose!<VE> When printed in Vertical Tab mode, it will appear like this: SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE Sing a song of sixpence, The king was in his counting-house, A pocket full of rye; Counting out his money; Four-and-twenty blackbirds The queen was in her parlor, Baked in a pie! Eating bread and honey. When the pie was opened The maid was in the garden, The birds began to sing Hanging out the clothes; Wasn't that a dainty dish When down came a blackbird To set before the king? And snapped off her nose! Vertical tab mode is not limited to two-subcolumn formats: it can handle as many sub-columns as the page layout has room for. In a three- subcolumn format, the input text would appear in sequences of three paragraphs, the first paragraph in each sequence being printed in the first sub-column, the second paragraph in each sequence being printed in the second sub-column, and the third paragraph in each sequence being printed in the third sub-column. <VC> tags would be placed at the ends of the first and second paragraphs in each sequence, and the third paragraph of each sequence would be separated from the first paragraph of the next sequence by <VE> and <VS> tags.